The Dragon of the North

 We’re still in the Yellow Fairy Book, and this is an Estonian story, collected by a Dr. Friedrich Kreutzwald, whose work was then translated to German by F. Löwe; Lang cites the German version as his source, with the German title and the name of the Estonian collector, which would at a glance give the impression that this was a German story. So consider this your periodic reminder not to take Lang citations at face value.

There was once a dragon who laid waste to large tracts of country. Described as having a body like an ox, legs like a frog, and a tail like a serpent, ten fathoms long. Every hop it takes covers half a mile. Worth noting at this point that the translation of the original Estonian title is “The Frog of the North.” It has eyes like lamps, which bewitch anyone who looks in them, compelling them to run into his mouth.

The frog dragon likes to settle in one place for several years at a time, eat absolutely everything, and then move on. Anyone who tries to fight him ends up walking into his mouth to be eaten.

Wise men say the dragon can be defeated by whoever possesses Solomon’s ring, because there are instructions on an inscription engraved on it. However, no one knows where the ring is, or how to read the language the inscription is written in.

A young man sets out in search of the ring, and after some years meets a famous eastern magician, who advises him to consult with the birds. He gives him a magic potion which makes him able to understand birds, and tells him to come back when he gets the ring, because he happens to be the only person in the world who can read the inscription.

The young man resumes his search, and eventually overhears some birds discussing a witch maiden who either has or knows of the ring, and will be coming to a nearby stream in three nights, for her monthly face-washing, to prevent aging.

He goes to the stream, where the witch maiden catches him spying on her, and invites him over. He goes back to her place, and the birds advise him not to give her any blood, or it’ll cost him his soul.

The witch maiden lives in a beautiful enchanted palace, and she invites him to stay forever, and asks him to marry her.

He asks for some time to think over the marriage, and hangs out with her at the palace in the meantime. One day she shows him the golden ring that powers most of her magic, and says she’ll give it to him as a wedding gift. But in order for their love to last forever, he must give her three drops of blood from the little finger of his left hand.

He asks her about the ring. She tells him she can only half read the engraving on it, but can still perform incredible magic with it. She shows him how she can use it to fly, to turn invisible, to turn invulnerable, to create anything she desires, and to have superstrength. She also confirms his suspicion that it is, indeed, King Solomon’s ring.

He asks for a demonstration. Then he asks to try it himself. And she agrees.

At this point, he’s been here for at least several days, possibly several weeks. It seems like this woman has genuine feelings for him, though the whole blood-soul situation does raise some red flags.

He takes the ring, plays around with its different powers for a while, and then turns himself invisible and leaves. Once he’s far enough away, he flies back to the magician, who takes seven weeks to fully translate the engraving before sending him back to the frog dragon with very specific instructions.

He finds the dragon, who’s moved on since he was last home, and the king of the land it’s currently occupying is offering his daughter’s hand and a large part of the kingdom to anyone who can defeat it.

Our guy rides an iron horse on wheels toward the dragon, using his superstrength to propel it. He gets into the dragon’s open mouth, and drives an iron spear two fathoms long into its jaw, as thick as a large tree and pointed on both sides, positioned so the dragon can’t close its mouth. He chains the spear to iron pegs driven into the ground so the dragon has no chance of dislodging this thing.

 

The dragon struggles for three days before it’s too weak to lash out with its tail, and then our guy approaches again and clubs it over the head with a large stone, killing it. It’s unclear why he couldn’t have done that bit three days ago, when he was already right there by the dragon’s head.

He marries the princess, and everything is going great until the dragon’s rotting body poisons the air and starts killing people. He goes to consult with the magician, but the witch maiden catches him on the way over, takes back the ring, and chains him to a rock in a cave. She promises to bring him food every few days, so that he can live out his natural life chained up, instead of dying quickly of hunger.

The princess and the king are frantically searching for him, consulting all sorts of magicians, and eventually a guy from Finland works out that he’s somewhere in the east. The king sends messengers who encounter our first magician, who rescues him.

Seven years have passed since he was first captured.

He gets home just in time to become king, as his father-in-law died that very morning, and he and his wife live happily ever, though he never gets the ring back.

The whole poisoned air situation is never followed up on. No resolution there.

The story ends with a question: “Now, if you had been the Prince, would you not rather have stayed with the pretty witch-maiden?”

Um, no? His goal was to save his entire region from death by frog-dragon; if he’d stayed, hundreds would have died. She proved herself to be fairly vindictive, which, okay, I do see where she was coming from. But there was the whole thing with his soul being at risk. Like, that’s a major concern. Even if he could talk her out of the originally proposed blood-letting, in an entire lifetime together, surely he’s going to shed some blood. Kitchen accidents. Shaving accidents. Things happen, you know?

But I do think he could have handled the whole situation better. Maybe he could have said, “hey, I made a commitment to slay this dragon, and I bet this ring would be really helpful for that; would you maybe like to go on a dragon-slaying adventure with me?” Maybe he could have said, “hey, I feel a little weird about this bleeding thing. I’ve heard some rumors. Can we maybe talk about that?”

I mean, he did very much screw over this girl who opened up her heart and her home to him. And okay, her asking for his blood was a little weird, but we only have the word of some random birds that this was a soul-costing situation. She was nothing but nice to him until after he stole her most important possession.

Like, at the very least, maybe he could have returned it after slaying the dragon?

Again, we have nothing but hearsay from birds to indicate that this woman is evil. The chaining him in a cave thing was…not great, but he did betray her in a big way.

I would not rather have stayed with the witch maiden. But I would have rather he tried being a little nicer to her.

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The Iron Stove

 From the Grimms, although I don’t recognize it, by way of the Yellow Fairy Book.

A prince is cursed to sit in a large iron stove in the woods. After many years, a princess gets lost in the woods, and comes across the stove. The prince inside offers to help her get home and to marry her if she promises to come back and get him out of the stove.

She agrees, he tells her to bring a knife when she comes back, and he summons a guide for her.

Back home, she explains to her father that she’s promised to marry a stove. Understandably, he has concerns. Less understandably, he sends the miller’s daughter back in her place.

The miller’s daughter, as instructed, scrapes at the stove with a knife all night, trying to make a hole in the iron. It doesn’t work, and he figures out she’s not the princess, and sends her away.

They try the same trick with the same results with the swineherd’s daughter, and then the princess has to go back and keep her word.

She works a small hole in the iron almost immediately, which is probably magic, and answers the question of why the guide the prince can apparently summon from inside the stove couldn’t get him out. On the other hand, it might have just been easy because two other girls put several hours into the project already.

The princess frees the prince, falls madly in love with him, and agrees to go home with him, but she needs to say goodbye to her father first.

She’s warned not to say more than three words to her father. Which of course doesn’t work out, because how on earth are you supposed to explain, “there was a handsome prince inside the stove and I freed him and now I’m going to go back to his kingdom and marry him, so please don’t worry if you never see me again,” in only three words?

As soon as she says word number four, the stove is sent away, over a mountain of glass and sharp swords. The prince is not in the stove, but apparently he disappears to somewhere, too.

The princess sets out in search. She winds up in a house full of toads, with a wonderful feast on the table. The toads invite her in, feed her, set her up in a nice bed, and give her instructions in the morning. She has to cross a glass mountain, three cutting swords, and a great lake to reach her prince. The toads give her three large needles, a plough wheel, and three nuts to help.

She uses the needles to climb over the mountain—I’ve never seen a needle I could drive through glass, but I’ve never seen a talking toad, either, so we’ll allow it. She rolls over the swords on her plough wheel, which to be honest is 100% of the reason we’re talking about this story; I wanted you all to see this image:

 

Apparently she doesn’t need any magical aid to cross the lake.

So the prince is here; apparently he travelled with the stove even though he was no longer trapped inside it. He’s set to marry another princess, apparently because he thought our princess was dead?

Dude, she went to talk to her dad. You knew this.

And we go through the usual thing. There are gowns in the nuts. She trades three gowns for three nights in the prince’s bedroom. The prince is drugged, but he doesn’t take the drugs on the third night. They reunite.

Then they steal a carriage, steal all the other princess’ clothes so she can’t follow them, and go back across the lake and the swords and the mountain, to the little toad house, which turns into a beautiful palace. All the toads turn into princes and princesses, and they stay there and live happily ever after.

So, like, is this the prince’s family? Is this the home he was trying to take the princess back to? Or did they just find a free palace and forget all about his family? It’s really not clear.

I always feel so bad for these second brides. Like, not the East of the Sun West of the Moon types who are, like, evil, but these random girls who get engaged not knowing these men had other girlfriends before, and then they just get screwed over. Like, okay, they usually drug the guys, which is not cool. But I think it’s to prevent any funny business, not to hide the first bride from them?

Still, the correct solution is to discuss this, like, hey, there’s this dress I want to wear to our wedding, but the girl who owns it won’t let me buy it unless I let her spend the night in your room. Yeah, I know it’s really weird. But I really like this dress. What are your thoughts on the situation?

So the drugging is a bad move. But, like, they stole all her clothes? So she couldn’t follow them? That was seriously unwarranted. And they called her the “false bride,” like give the girl a break, all she did was get engaged to a man who was, as far as she knew, available.

All her clothes. Yikes.

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We will gladly work with you to address any gaps in knowledge or skills lost to prolonged change in form. We also offer customized history and science lessons based on your Prince’s education level at time of curse, and the duration of his curse. Did he spend ninth grade social studies and health class living in a cave? We can help. Did he spend two hundred years isolated in an enchanted palace, missing numerous wars and major scientific advancements? We can help with that, too.

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Hermod and Hadvor

 This is an Icelandic story from the Yellow Fairy Book.

We begin with a widowed king, his daughter Hadvor, and his foster son Hermod. Hermod and Hadvor secretly pledged as children to marry each other, so not a sibling relationship.

The king once promised his wife to only ever remarry if he was marrying the Queen of Hetland the Good. Oddly specific, but a lot less problematic than the standard “only someone as beautiful as me,” which has the unfortunate tendency to result in attempted incest.

Anyway, the king meets a woman claiming to be Hetland; he meets her in a secondary location, since she allegedly recently escaped pirate kidnappers. Strangely, she doesn’t have any inclination to return home, let her people know she’s survived, collect her things, set up a plan to either rule remotely or appoint a regent, etc. Just agrees to marry the king, and she, her daughter, and her maid go home with him. 

Dude. This is so shady. You meet a random woman, tell her you’re a king searching for Hetland so you can marry her, and she magically happens to be her? You need some proof of identity.

Hadvor and Hermod aren’t much interested in the alleged queen and princess, but Hadvor becomes good friends with the maid, whose name is Olof.

At some point, the king goes off to war, which is always when trouble starts.

Allegedly-Hetland wants Hermod to marry her daughter. Hermod says no. So she curses him to go to a desert island, be a lion by day and a man by night, and always be thinking of Hadvor. The spell can be broken only by Hadvor burning his lion skin.

Hermod curses her right back, which is the first and last mention of Hermod having any magical powers. He says that as soon as his curse is broken, she’ll become a rat, her daughter will become a mouse, and they’ll fight in the throne room until he kills them with his sword.

So now Hermod is missing, and the king is still gone, but fortunately we have a solution in the form of Olof, who conveniently knows exactly what the queen did to Hermod, exactly how to undo it, and also what the queen is planning to do to Hadvor. She’s going to turn her three headed giant brother from the underworld into a beautiful prince and get Halvor to marry him. (And the brother pretty much confirms my suspicion that this woman is not actually Hetland.)

In the course of her massive info dump, Olof also lets us know that she was kidnapped by the queen and forced to serve her, but the queen can’t actually hurt her because she has a magic green cloak. Then she says that the giant brother will be coming up through the floor, and should be easily eliminated by some blazing pitch.

This girl really does have all the answers.

Some time passes. The king comes home, and is very distressed to find Hermod missing. (Hadvor, this would have been a great time for you and Olof to share some info with your dad.) Hadvor makes a habit of having blazing pitch always on hand, which I imagine raises a lot of questions among the staff.

Finally she hears the sound of the ground opening and someone coming up through the floor, and she pours her pitch. The queen finds her brother in the morning, burned to a crisp, and proceeds with her plan to turn him into a beautiful prince. She also casts a spell so that Hadvor can’t say anything in her own defense.

Then she accuses Hadvor of murdering her poor innocent brother.

Now, we know Hadvor can’t defend herself, but she doesn’t even get the chance, because despite there being absolutely no evidence that she killed this man, the king, without even trying to speak with her, immediately believes that she did it, and leaves her punishment to his wife.

This king is the biggest idiot I’ve covered in, like, at least two weeks.

The queen plans to put Hadvor into a burial mound with her brother, where presumably she’ll suffocate and die.

But the all-knowing Olof comes through for us again! She tells Hadvor how to escape the giant’s ghost, and how to get more info about Hermod while she’s at it.

Actually, I retract “all-knowing.” She told us the pitch would take care of this guy, which clearly it did not if we now have a ghost to contend with. And apparently she doesn’t know exactly where Hermod is, since Hadvor is supposed to get that information from the ghost.

Hadvor goes into the mound, along with the giant ghost and his two dogs. The ghost wants his body cut up and fed to the dogs, which Hadvor does in exchange for the location of Hermod’s desert island, and the information that she can only reach it by taking the skin off the soles of his feet and using them to make herself shoes, which will be able to walk on both land and sea.

Ew.

She’s already cutting him up for the dogs, so she pockets the soles. The ghost then lets her stand on his shoulders to escape the mound—it is unclear why he’s helping her get out or how she’s able to stand on the shoulders of a ghost.

At the last minute he tries to grab her and pull her back down, but Olof warned her about this; she’s wearing a large cloak, which she unclasps, escaping and leaving him with the cloak.

Hadvor reaches the island with her disgusting shoes, but on the island runs into a cliff she doesn’t know how to get past. She dreams that night of a woman who promises to drop a rope for her. She also promises to leave her a belt that will keep her from being hungry.

She wakes up, puts on the belt, and finds the rope. She reaches the top of the cliff and finds a little cave where she waits. Before long, a lion comes in, sheds his skin, and becomes Hermod. She takes the skin and burns it immediately, and then they have their reunion.

They’re not sure how to get back home, since there’s only one pair of shoes, so they go ask the local witch, who has fifteen sons and sends people helpful dreams and anti-hunger belts.

The witch lends them a boat, but warns them that the ghost giant has now turned into a giant fish—this guy really doesn’t let death slow him down, does he?—and will probably attack them. if he does, they can call her for help.

The fish attacks. They call for help. The witch and all fifteen of her sons turn into whales and take care of that, and then they’re home free.

The king, meanwhile, is worried about his missing wife and stepdaughter, and incredibly frustrated by this rat and mouse that are constantly fighting in his hall, which no one can get rid of.

Hermod and Hadvor come in, Hermod kills them, and their bodies turn into witches. It is unclear whether they returned to the bodies the king was accustomed to seeing them in, or if that was a disguise and they are now in some other, original form.

They tell the king everything, they get married, and Olof marries a nice nobleman. No mention is made of trying to return Olof to her home and family. No mention is made of the queen and her daughter leading active ghost lives like her brother. The text never tells us whether or not she was really Hetland, but I’m going to stick with my original theory of “absolutely not,” since there is literally no evidence, this woman has been proven to be a liar, she has a brother who is not human, and her behavior is not consistent with someone known as “the Good.”

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The Witch

 The Witch, as I’m sure will surprise no one at this point, is also a Russian fairy tale from the Yellow Fairy Book. It’s sort of Hansel and Gretel meets Little Red Riding Hood.

A woman has two step children—a little boy and a little girl—who she hates. One day she sends them out into the woods to visit her grandmother.

They decide to stop and visit their own grandmother on the way. She tells them the woman they’re on their way to meet isn't actually their step-great-grandma; she’s an evil witch! Then she gives them some milk, bread, and ham, and sends them on their way. To the witch. Instead of, you know, keeping them at her house, or going to find their dad and asking, “hey, are you aware your wife is trying to murder your kids?”, or any of the sensible things one could do when faced with two small grandchildren on their way to certain death.

The children reach the witch, and are assigned some tasks to complete, otherwise she’ll fry and eat them. She sets the girl to spinning yarn, and the boy to fetching water from the well with a sieve.

Some mice help with the yarn in exchange for bread. Some birds tell the boy how to stop up the sieve with clay so it can hold water, in exchange for more bread. A cat gives them an enchanted comb, an enchanted handkerchief, and directions home in exchange for ham.

The next day, they make their escape. A dog is going to stop them, but they give him some more bread—seriously, how much bread do these children have?—so he lets them go. Some enchanted trees try to stop them next, but the girl ties their branches back with ribbons.

The witch discovers that the children are gone, and that her pets and servants have let them go because the children treated them better than she ever did. She goes after them on her broomstick, but they use the handkerchief to make a deep river to slow her down, and then the comb to make a dense forest. She can’t get through the forest, so gives up and goes home.

The children go home, too, and tell their father what happened. He’s furious, and drives their stepmother out of the house, never to be seen again. Which is THE APPROPRIATE WAY TO HANDLE THIS SITUATION. Take notes, dad from last week.

Also. They didn’t have to go through any of this. Their dad was not aware of or on board with this plan. Their grandma knew it was a trap. If she had just TOLD THE KIDS NOT TO GO, and TALKED TO THEIR FATHER ABOUT THE SITUATION, the whole mess could have been avoided.

I’m a big fan of dad who do not let their wives murder their kids.

One unanswered question I have is why the grandma sent the kids off with milk. Was it just for them to drink? The bread and ham went to various animals, and the girl provided her own ribbons to deal with the trees, but the milk is never mentioned again. It’s probably not of any significance, but I’m particularly attuned to instances of unexplained milk because I still don’t understand the relevance of milk to King Lindorm.

The only other really noteworthy thing about this story is the broomstick. Witches have been depicted flying on broomsticks for hundreds of years. Fairy tales are chock full of witches. But I think this is the first time I’ve ever encountered a witch flying on a broomstick in a fairy tale.

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The Story of King Frost

 The Story of King Frost is yet another Russian fairy tale—The Yellow Fairy Book is very Russia-heavy.

We start, as we so often do, with a poorly blended family. Widower, widower’s wonderful daughter, widower’s second wife, and second wife’s awful daughter. But this stepmother is…she’s really something.

Bullying and abusing your stepdaughter, okay, yeah, we’ve all seen that. Trying to get rid of your stepdaughter? It’s been done before. But this woman openly tells her husband, “I want your daughter dead.”

She wants him to abandon the girl in a field in the winter, so she’ll freeze to death.

I’m gonna go ahead and quote the story here for the father’s response to this suggestion:  “In vain did the poor old father weep and implore her pity; she was firm, and he dared not gainsay her.”

I’m sorry, you implored her pity? She was firm? You dared not disagree? Dude, get a grip. You’re gonna abandon your kid to freeze to death because your wife was FIRM about it? There should be no imploring of pity, here. You should not even be trying to convince your wife to change her mind. The correct response to “I think we should murder your daughter” is “get out of my house before I murder you.”

This absolute loser does as his wife says and abandons the girl.

In the freezing field, the girl meets the frost king. She’s very polite, he’s very impressed, he sends her safely home with a bunch of furs and jewels and a beautiful gold and silver dress.

She appears back at the house with all this while the stepmother is making pancakes for the funeral, and arguing with her talking dog, who’s warning her that her stepdaughter is gonna be just fine, but her own daughter will soon die.

Side note: I’m intrigued by the idea of funeral pancakes. Maybe pancakes are too fun to suit the general mood of a funeral, but I like it. Apparently it’s a Russian tradition.

Ignoring the talking dog, the stepmother demands that her husband also abandon her daughter in the frozen field, so she can get all this cool stuff too. But this girl is very rude to the frost king, so he freezes her to death, and when her mother touches her body, she freezes to death too.

Which is the end of the story.

This follows the same general pattern as a great many stories—wicked stepmother despises stepdaughter, stepdaughter rewarded for good behavior while daughter punished for bad behavior. There are two things that make it interesting to me.

Firstly, the frost king. Generally, the role of punisher-and-rewarder goes to an old woman, so we’re already breaking the pattern there. But usually if we see any kind of king in a story like this, he’ll end up marrying the good girl. So having a man—and a royal man at that—show up, richly reward a beautiful young woman, and then just leave again, is intriguing.

It’s worth noting that the illustration does not depict him as exactly a compelling candidate for matrimony, but there’s nothing in the actual text to describe his as the illustration shows:

(Also, why is this girl wearing, like, a toga, in a frozen field in Russia? Most of these illustrations feature this style of dress, and I have a very hard time believing that anyone was ever dressing like this in winter in Russia.)

Except, of course, we have to remember that this is a translated story, and we may be losing some nuance in English. So let’s do some further research.

The original Russian title is “Морозко,” which as far as I can tell just translates to “Frost.” But other English translations call the story “Father Frost.”

“Father” and “King” have completely different connotations in fairy tales. Father Someone is the weird old man you meet in the woods, who helps you in your quest. King Someone is the dashing man you marry and live happily ever after with. But neither “Father” nor “King” appears in the original Russian title. “Father” certainly makes more sense in this context, and I suspect there’s something in the Russian text itself, if not in the title, to support that translation.

I’d really like to know why the Yellow Fairy Book translated it as it did; I definitely spent more than half the story expecting the girl and the frost king to end up together, based largely on the title, with nothing in most of the text to contradict the idea. I would have gone into it with completely different expectations based on that one word difference in the title.

But the really noteworthy thing in this story, for me, is the dad. He makes me so angry. And usually anger is what drives me to make fairy tale blogs.

Mostly, now, we see absent fathers in our fairy tales. They remarried and then they died. They didn’t do anything wrong; they weren’t here for their daughters’ suffering.

We go back a little ways and we see passive fathers. They don’t interfere when their wives mistreat their daughters. Very bad parenting. We disapprove.

But this dad isn’t just not interfering. He’s actively participating in the murder of his daughter because his wife pressured him. It’s insane. We’re taking peer pressure to a whole new level here. The text makes it clear that he Does Not Want To Do This. But he does it anyway, because his wife told him to. We do not commit murders because our wives were firm with us! That will not hold up in court.

And this man faces exactly zero consequences. Presumably he profits off his daughter’s new wealth—we don’t get any information past the freezing of his stepdaughter. But he’s so awful! He should also have frozen to death! We don’t just excuse attempted murder because you didn’t really want to do it. Where are the consequences for his actions? I was hoping the daughter would be whisked away to a beautiful ice kingdom by the dashing frost king, but since he’s actually a frost father, this poor girl is stuck at home with her pathetic loser dad.

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Let's talk numbers!

 I will be ordering a crate of books which I will be signing and sending out from my house for the first orders; once I run out they will be mailed directly from the printer.

For When the War Ends, there are 16 books in a crate. (This varies based on page number.) One is going to be mine, since the proof copy I'm currently waiting on is for the last round of edits, and will get marked up a little.

So I'm thinking that the first 15 orders will include a bookmark? As like a special bonus?

If I am able to sell 20 books within the preorder period - well, actually by about 3/4ths of the way through, for shipping purposes - I can justify the expense of ordering a 2nd crate. In which case the first 25 books sold will include bookmarks, since they print in quantities of 25 at once.

So. If you want to order a copy of When the War Ends, while I'm happy to sell books any time, please consider buying during the preorder period, and if possible early in the preorder period, which is just the entire month of June.

I know a bookmark isn't anything, like, super exciting, but it's more exciting than just a signature on the title page, and it's something I can just slip into the book and not have to increase the shipping price because it no longer qualifies as media mail.

I have seven tentative designs - the difference is just in quotes included - and I'll put them up here for a vote. If I don't get a lot of feedback I'll also put it up for a vote on Tumblr. And maybe Instagram? You can do polls on Instagram, right?

Beauty and the Beast and Prejudice

 Look, it's not surprising that someone decided to make the Beast's curse a punishment for wickedness. If anything, it's a surprise that it took them 200 years to do it. We do, after all, see a precedent for characters being transformed as punishment; the new thing here was combining "enchanted bridegroom" with "rightful punishment."

This makes perfect sense as a direction to take the story in. What confuses me is that pretty much everyone in the last 70 years has continued to take the story in that exact same direction. After two entire centuries of Beauty and the Beast as a well-known and well-loved story, the entire point of it changed practically overnight, and no one ever looked back.

My theory is that there are two main reasons for this.

1. Our society equates beauty with goodness, and ugliness with wickedness, a pervasive and incorrect viewpoint that makes it hard for us to accept that someone as hideous, as monstrous, as the Beast did literally nothing wrong.

2. Our society struggles to grasp the concept of men as victims of violence, particularly violence perpetrated by women, particularly sexual violence. Men are tough and strong. Large, hairy, ugly men, especially. Men carry out violence. Men do not have violence inflicted upon them.

It's much easier for us to view the Beast as a villain in need of reform than as a prisoner in need of rescue, because that fits in better with our prejudices and preconceived notions. Shirley Temple said, "But what if the Beast was a little bit bad," and we grabbed it, and ran with it, because it makes more sense to us.

But it's not what happened. Granted, none of it happened; this is a fairy tale. But it's a fairy tale that holds a major place in our society, a fairy tale than everyone knows, that's been spread and shared in a thousand ways. And that our cultural awareness of the story has completely shifted, in a relatively brief period of time, says, I think, unfortunate things about us. We want the big ugly dude to be the bad guy. As soon as someone suggested he could be, we embraced it wholeheartedly and never looked back.

And, like, he doesn’t stay a bad guy. It’s a redemption story now. But the original Beast didn’t need to be redeemed! He needed to be rescued. Beauty needed to overcome her own prejudices so she was able to rescue him. We need to overcome ours so we can restore his reputation and his intended role in the story.

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The Witch and Her Servants

 This is an allegedly-Russian fairy tale which I read in The Yellow Fairy Book; I’ve had a bit of trouble tracking down any information about the story outside of Lang’s version, so I guess we’ll just have to trust him on this.

Once there was a king who had three sons and three special fruit trees. Alas, he has never eaten the fruit of any of these trees. If one unripe fruit is picked, everything on the trees rots, so it can’t be picked early. And every year, the night before the fruit is expected to ripen, all the fruit is stripped from all three trees.

His oldest son volunteers to guard the trees, but falls  asleep and fails to protect the fruit. Second son, the next year, same deal.

The third son, Iwanich, when his turn comes, doesn’t fall asleep. He catches a bird, which turns into a woman named Militza. She tells him that the seeds these trees were planted from were stolen from her mother, which caused her death. She promised her mother that she would steal their fruit each year so that no one could benefit from the stolen seeds.

Also, Militza was under a spell—presumably a turned-into-a-bird spell, which was broken by the force with which Iwanich grabbed her.

The two fall in love, but Militza can’t stay, because a witch once cut off a lock of her hair while she was sleeping, so now she’s under the witch’s power, and has to report back to her.

This poor girl has a lot going on.

She gives Iwanich a diamond to remember her by, which can also guide him to her kingdom if his really loves her and wants to find her.

The next morning, everyone is able to eat the fruit, and Iwanich lies about how he protected it. He takes some gold and a horse and leaves while everyone is celebrating.

He finds a creepy forest guarded by a tall, gaunt man, who advises him to avoid the forest, but Iwanich refuses, because the diamond ring says this is the way to go. The man gives him a bag of breadcrumbs and a live hare.

He uses the crumbs and the hare to distract all the wild animals that would otherwise have attacked them (RIP bunny).

Deeper in the forest, Iwanich meets a very short, prickly man with a very long beard, which he has used to tie up two lions. He accuses Iwanich of feeding his bodyguard? Which comes out of nowhere and is never explained. He didn’t feed the tall man at the other side of the forest. He did feed a lot of animals (RIP bunny, again), but I have literally no idea what this man is talking about.

He lends Iwanich one of his lions to thank him for this alleged bodyguard-feeding. This allows him to pass through the rest of the woods safely, and he leaves the lion at the edge as instructed.

Iwanich reaches a palace, at last, where he finds Militza, and they get married.

Bad news, guys. We’re only, like, halfway through this story.

Militza has to leave for a week to visit a relative. She tells Iwanich not to open a specific door while she’s gone.

So of course, he opens the door.

He finds a man being tortured, and gives him some water.

At which point the entire palace just vanishes, leaving Iwanich alone in a “desolate heath.”

He wanders around until he finds a little hut, occupied by the same tall man he met earlier, who invites him in, and suggests that he take a job with the local witch, Corva, since he mentions wanting to earn some money to get home.

It is unclear at this point whether “home” means his father’s kingdom or the currently-unknown location of his wife. It is also unclear whether he still has the magic wife-finding ring.

He gets a job taking care of Corva’s two horses—a mare and her foal. If he can keep track of them for a full year, she’ll give him anything he asks, but if either escapes him, she’ll kill him and put his head on a spike.

(There are a lot of heads on spikes at her house.)

He does well with the horses for quite a while, and during this time, happens to rescue a fish, and eagle, and a fox. It’s in the last three days of the year that things start going wrong.

The witch tells the horses to hide in the river. They do, and the fish collects them.

The witch tells the horses to hide in the sky. They do, and the eagle catches them.

The witch tells the horses to hide in the king’s henhouse. They do, and the fox catches them.

On the way home from the henhouse, the mare advises Iwanich to ask the witch for the foal as payment.

This—the whole hiding horses, life on the line, take the foal as payment deal—has come up several times now in the Yellow Fairy Book, though this is the first time the rest of the story has interested me enough to talk about. I think it must be a Russian story element; I don’t have a ton of previous experience with Russian folkore.

The witch gives him the foal. She also tells him that the man he found being tortured is a great magician, who has taken Militza captive. Iwanich is the only one who can kill him, and the magician has spies watching him constantly. When Iwanich finds him, he must not say a word to him, or he’ll fall under his power. He must take him by the beard and dash him to the ground.

(We get no explanation about the witch’s apparent knowledge of Iwanich’s backstory.)

He finds the magician, who greets him with the words “Thrice my fair benefactor!”

Iwanich takes him by the beard and throws him to the ground. The foal tramples him. He finds Militza and they live happily ever after.

It seems like something is missing here.

“Thrice my fair benefactor.” Okay. So one time was when Iwanich gave him water. I think the third time is right now, with the magician trying to play it like they’re friends? But that leaves one whole time unaccounted for.

The first time I read this I assumed that Torture Victim Magician was the short, prickly man with the lions, because the witch made note of the magician’s beard, but there’s actually no evidence of this—multiple people can have beards, and the illustrations clearly portray two separate men. Between “Thrice my fair benefactor” and “did you feed my bodyguard?” it seems like we’re missing some chunks of the story, or part of it was translated poorly, or something. And since I can’t find a version other than Lang’s, I have no way to investigate this further.

There is just so much going on in this story. Militza’s mother was killed by an evil magician, and she was turned into a bird by some unknown person, then she was under the power of a wicked witch—a problem which seems to have resolved itself by the time Iwanich finds her, because it never comes up again—and then another evil magician gets her. (Maybe they’re the same evil magician?) Iwanich just completely abandons his family, and he gets help from the tall guy, then the prickly guy, then the fish, eagle, and fox, and then the horses and the witch. It seems like we have multiple story’s worth of content here. Three or four villains? Maybe if you count Corva the horse witch? Three sets of helpers? This is all just a lot.

The major takeaway I have on this one is that Militza’s issue with this last evil magician is totally on her. Like, sure, she told Iwanich not to open the door, and he didn’t listen. But if your home contains a load-bearing torture victim, you need to disclose that to your husband. Generally, the people who hide torture victims in locked rooms are the bad guys. I would also have given him some water. And since he was BEING TORTURED, I don’t really blame him for going after Militza once he was free. This is what you get for torturing people.

 

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The White Duck

 This is a Russian fairy tale which I read in The Yellow Fairy Book.

We open with a king going off to war, giving his wife strict instructions for his time away—never leave the castle, don’t interact with strangers, especially don’t trust strange women.

Surely, you all know what’s going to happen next.

In the queen’s defense, we have no idea how long she’s been cooped up in the castle. It could be months. It could even be years. “Never, ever, ever leave the house” is pretty rough, even if you’re lucky enough to live in a very large house.

An old lady comes up to the window and convinces the queen to come down to the garden. Then she convinces her to go swimming in a pond.

Then she turns her into a duck.

The old woman assumes the queen’s form, and is there to greet the king when he comes home.

Meanwhile, the queen turned duck has left the royal grounds and laid three eggs, which hatch into three little ducklings—two girls and a boy. So we probably have an answer to how long the king’s been gone—less than nine months. Unless he’s not the father, which raises a lot of questions I’m not prepared to fully consider at this moment.

The queen warns the ducklings to stay away from the castle, because a wicked witch lives there. It doesn’t seem to even occur to her to attempt to communicate with her husband, or try to get her own body back? Like, as far as we know she’s still capable of human speech—later events will confirm this. Her husband warned her against both going outside and strange women, so presumably he knew that something like this happening was a risk. She could probably find him and explain the situation. Does she not care? Does she prefer being a duck? Does she not think that, even if she’s content in this form, her children might have better lives as princes and princesses than as ducks?

Inevitably, the ducklings ignore their mother’s warnings, play in the palace gardens, and get caught by the witch, who is still impersonating their mother in her human queen form. She pretends to be nice, feeds them, brings them inside, and gives them a cushion to sleep on.

Then she goes down to the kitchen, gets a knife, and has the servants start a kettle boiling.

She kills the ducklings. Repeat, she kills the ducklings. Our three young heroes have just been murdered.

 However, she apparently never gets as far as actually cooking them.

The duck queen goes in search of her children. She goes to the palace and sings a song about how a witch turned her into a duck, stole her husband, and killed her kids.

Like, why didn’t you do this months ago?

As soon as the king picks her up she changes back to her own shape. She happens to have a magic potion back in her nest, so they collect it and use it to revive the dead children, who also turn into humans. The witch comes to a “no good end,” and everyone else lives happily ever after.

Okay, so. How much time has passed here? Ducks and humans age very differently. The ducklings were able to talk. They were allowed to go out and play unsupervised. Did they go from being adolescent ducks to being human infants or toddlers? Or did they transform into humans of an equivalent age to their duck forms? Does the king suddenly have three unexpected ten years olds?

And seriously, why did the duck queen not approach her husband sooner? Was touching him literally all it took to break the spell?

And then. She just happens to have a vial of un-killing potion? In her duck nest? When and how and why did she acquire this?

Did the kids transform because she transformed? Was their enchantment linked to hers? That would make the most sense. However, the story specified that after she transformed, they were still ducks. The potion changed them from dead ducks to living humans. Which would imply that the potion caused the transformation.

Like, probably the spells were linked, and the kids didn’t transform immediately when the queen did because they were dead.

But wouldn’t it be so funny if this woman had a potion of “Un-die and Also De-Duck” in her nest, and was just sitting on it?

I kind of think she likes being a duck. She didn’t even try to go back to her husband until the kids were in danger. I can totally believe that she also had a spell breaking potion and just didn’t use it.

Overall, there are three things I really want from this story.

1. Backstory explaining the king’s warning against strange women and going outside. Like, how did he know this was a concern? Beware of strangers, yeah, okay, but never leaving the house is a pretty serious restriction. He must have had a reason to expect something to go wrong.

2. The story of how the duck queen acquired her magic potion.

3. A sequel about the struggles of children born and raised as ducks, now living as human royalty. The struggles of the king to adapt to parenting three former ducks. The progression of the king and queen’s relationship after he’s spent an unknown time living with an imposter, and she’s spent an unknown time living as a duck, and not apparently making any effort to get back to him.

A story about a duck somehow getting an unkilling potion, especially, sounds like it could be super fun. I definitely want to know more about her duck adventures.

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The Disney-fication of Folklore

 There's this new thing now where people aren't just retelling stories, they're retelling the Disney version of stories. I mean, okay, it's been going on for several years, but a new thing within, like, the last generation or so, which is pretty new considering the very long history of fairy tales. There are at least two separate Disney-authorized book series like that. And some of them are decent, and some of them are terrible, but all of them are just—just—

Those aren't fairy tale retellings. Those are Disney fanfiction. And we've talked, before, about the relationship between fanfic and folklore, but this is different. When the bookstore is full of retellings of Disney's Cinderella, instead of just Cinderella, we're losing important pieces of our history, our culture.

The way we tell folktales changes with time and region; that's normal and expected. But the way it's changed over the last 90 years or so, specifically—people tend to think that there is one correct version of the story, and the version they think is correct  belongs to someone, and we need his permission to retell it. That's not a normal relationship to folklore. That's not a healthy relationship to folklore.

We’ve got Disney’s Twisted Tales Series. We’ve got Disney’s Villains Series. We’ve got Disney’s Descendants, which is allegedly about the children of specifically the Disney versions of characters, even when it doesn’t always make sense. We’ve got Once Upon a Time, which started out as a show based on fairy tales in general, with some familiar references because it was still being produced by a Disney-owned company, which over the course of a few seasons transitioned to be more and more Disney-centric. We’ve got Disney’s live action fairy tale movies, which had a promising start with things like Cinderella, which was just its own Cinderella movie, before they started copying their own previous movies line for line.

And it’s just so frustrating because Disney’s versions of these stories are a drop in the bucket of a several hundred year history, and somehow we’ve gotten to the point where so many people don’t seem to be aware of anything else, and the market is being flooded with more and more Disney-centric fairy tales.

I love many of Disney’s animated fairy tale movies, very much. But there’s so much more out there. I’m so sick of trying to look up a three hundred year old story, and having to put fifteen qualifiers on my search in an attempt to avoid Disney, and then somehow still having to sort through six pages of Disney-related results before I can get to anything useful.

I don’t have, like, a point or anything. I’m just frustrated.                       

There are so many good stories that have nothing to do with Disney. So many good stories that Disney has done stuff with, but you should still read the non-Disney versions—some of them are better, and some of them are worse, but all of them are different, and worth your time.

 

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The Wizard King

 This is a French fairy tale by a Chevalier de Mailly, but I read it in Andrew Lang’s Yellow Fairy Book.

We begin with a wizard king, a queen, and a secret fairy godmother. Apparently, wizards and fairies do not get on, prompting the queen to hide her godmother from her husband. But she does introduce her to their son.

The queen dies. The prince remains secretly in touch with his fairy god-grandma. The king, after a period of mourning, decides to travel, which he does in the forms of various animals. One day, as an eagle, he comes across the most beautiful woman he’s ever seen.

So naturally, he decides to swoop down and grab her.

The king sets up the kidnapped princess in an enchanted palace, reveals his true form, and refuses to release her. He holds her there in secret, sneaking away to visit whenever he can.

This king may be a great wizard, but he's not very smart, is he?

Like, dude. You’re a handsome, wealthy, powerful, widowed king. Sure, there’s a bit of an age gap, but parents of princesses, arranging political marriages, seldom seem bothered by that. You could have presented yourself properly as a suitor, and you probably would have been able to marry her. Why would you turn into an eagle and kidnap her instead?

The princess continues to refuse the romantic advances of her kidnapper. Good for her. The king, idiot that he is, concludes that the only possible reason for her disinterest is that she’s somehow found out about his son, who is in every way better than him.

So he sends his son to travel in other lands. Except another land is where he kidnapped this girl from in the first place. Our prince soon meets her parents, hears about how she was abducted by an eagle, falls madly in love with her portrait, and vows to find and save her.

The prince’s secret fairy god-grandma tells him that his father is holding her prisoner in an enchanted palace. The prince doesn’t exactly seem surprised when he finds out his father has kidnapped a princess.

There is an enchanted cloud around the palace, too strong for the fairy to penetrate. However, the princess has with her a parrot, which is permitted to fly through the cloud.  The prince collects the parrot the next time it comes through, the fairy turns the prince into a matching parrot, and the prince is then able to fly through the cloud and find the princess.

He resumes his natural form and tells her who he is and that he’s come to save her. The fairy sends through a chariot pulled by eagles—so much for the cloud being impenetrable, I guess. The king realizes what’s happening, and goes to chase them down. The prince and princess have an immediate wedding because the fairy says that will protect them from the king.

The king arrives, attempts to kill them both, and fails. He’s put in prison, but the prince asks for him to be released. He flees immediately, vowing never to forgive his son or the fairy. The prince, princess, and fairy god-grandma live happily ever after.

I don’t actually have a lot to say about this story; I just thought it was fun.

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Read Your Source Material

 Not to, like, gatekeep fairy tale retellings, but how many authors who've retold Beauty and the Beast do you think have actually read Beauty and the Beast? This is a story that's been around for 280 years, and I have never read a retelling that was not very clearly influenced by variants that have only existed for the last 70 years. That's a quarter of the history of this story.

I've read so many BATB retellings, and so many of them are so, so good. I'm not complaining about any of these specific books. Just, like, the trend in retellings, and the fact that it's apparently normal not to even read the source material before writing an entire book about it. It's just...weird. I mean, it's not just me, right? That's weird.

There's dozens if not hundreds of variants of Cinderella, and I wouldn't expect someone to read every single one of them. But Beauty and the Beast isn't a folktale. It has a clear origin point. I wouldn't expect a reteller to read every version of Cinderella or Sleeping Beauty, or even necessarily to track down and read the earliest documented version. But I would expect you to read The Little Mermaid, or The Wizard of Oz. Not read a picture book based on The Little Mermaid, or watch the MGM movie. Read the books. Because those aren't just fairy tales, they're also books that have authors.

I think, because it was written so long ago, pre-copyright laws, and because it became so popular, people have largely forgotten that Beauty and the Beast is also a book that has an author.

The source material is right there. Why wouldn't you read it? And it's not just Villeneuve; as I read more and more retellings that are clearly influenced by the Shirley Temple version, I'm starting to doubt that all of these authors have even read Beaumont or Lang.

You are welcome to tell your version of Beauty and the Beast exactly the way you want to, obviously, regardless of how it relates to any other versions. But why wouldn't you want to read the original first, and at least see if it has any ideas to offer? If you don't want to bother tracking it down, I have already tracked it down for you, and it’s here. And if you don’t want to take the time to read something so much longer than the average fairy tale, even reading something like the detailed summary on Wikipedia is useful.

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Sleeping Beauties

 As is the case with most fairy tales, there are several versions of Sleeping Beauty from several different regions. Today we're going to focus on four of them—the story of Troylus and Zellandine from Perceforest (recorded circa 1340, French), Basile's "Sun, Moon, and Talia" (recorded circa 1635. Italian), Perrault's "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood" (recorded 1697, French again), and the Grimm's "Little Briar Rose" (recorded 1812, German).

Look, we're here because I was mad about the accusation that classic fairy tale heroines are passive losers. And I'm specifically mad about Rapunzel and Cinderella. But the thing about Sleeping Beauty is that she kind of is a passive loser.

Okay, no. We're not going to call the traumatized teenager a loser. But she is passive!

The thing is, no one else is that active either, except for the villains, in the versions that have villains.

Sleeping Beauty isn't a romance. Technically the pre-Basile version we’re going to briefly touch on is, but the Basile version is a tragedy, though I don’t think Basile actually realizes that. Later versions removed all of the elements that made it tragic, but they didn't really add much in to replace it. So what we get is a story where nothing really happens beyond certain people showing up in certain places at certain times.

Which is fine. I like Sleeping Beauty. There's not a lot of action, or romance. There's not a lot of anything. But it's magical and fun and there's nothing wrong with it. Plus Tchaikovsky wrote some great music for it.

Anyway. Let's break down our versions, from oldest to newest.

Quick pre-Basile rundown, first. Enchanted sleep is a common issue in folk stories, enough so that it features in two of the five to ten best-known fairy tales of our time. But this particular enchanted sleep seems to be a clear inspiration for Sun, Moon, and Talia, so it's worth noting.

Perceforest is a French chivalric romance. The author is anonymous, and it consists of eight volumes and over a million words. I have only read the pieces relevant to Sleeping Beauty, about twenty pages. Zelladine is a young woman who is cursed at birth by the goddess Themis to prick her finger on a piece of flax and fall into an enchanted sleep, to be woken only when the splinter is sucked out. The goddess Venus promises to look after Zelladine and arrange for the sucking.

The sleeping maiden is locked in a tower, where she is eventually found by her boyfriend, a man with whom she has already exchanged rings. He is pretty much forced by Venus to sleep with her; she tries to convince him to do it, and he refuses, so she enchants and compels him. He then has to leave, but swaps their rings back as a sign, or promise, or something.

Nine months later, still asleep, she gives birth to a baby who sucks the splinter out of her finger, so thanks, Venus, for the most convoluted solution possible. Eventually Troylus and Zelladine are reunited and live happily ever after.

So, like, this is messed up. But also it was orchestrated by the gods, Troylus had no more choice in what happened than Zelladine, and they do love each other and are able to move past it.

Now on to Basile, who removes all the elements of this story that make it vaguely okay-ish.

Talia, our sleeping beauty, falls asleep in the same way, minus the specific details of being cursed by a goddess. Some time later, a married king stumbles upon her in an abandoned manor, rapes her, then goes home and forgets all about it. Nine months later she gives birth to twins, one of whom sucks out the splinter and wakens her.

The king remembers her, goes back, finds her awake, and tells her what happened, at which time, bafflingly, “their friendship was knitted with tighter bonds.” He spends a lot of time sneaking out to visit her, until his wife gets suspicious, gets the story out of his servant, and summons them to the palace. She asks the cook to kill the children and serve them to the king for dinner, but he hides them and cooks lamb instead. The queen then tries to throw Talia into a fire, despite her attempts to explain about the rape, but the king gets there in time to stop it, throws his wife in instead, gets the kids back from the cook, marries Talia, and lives happily ever after.

Perrault. A princess is cursed to prick her finger on a spindle and die. Another fairy changes the curse to a hundred year nap, until a king’s son comes to waken her.

Note: there is no longer a splinter. The curse is now on a time limit instead.

When the princess falls asleep, the “good” fairy puts all the rest of the palace to sleep as well, except for the king and queen, who go off to another palace they can rule from instead. Which, like—I guess at least she didn’t leave the kingdom without any leadership, but the princess is going to wake up long after her parents have died, and those other sleeping people in the palace might very well have had families who weren’t in the palace at the time.

The fairy grows a thornbush around the palace to protect the sleepers. A hundred years pass. A prince hears the story of a sleeping princess and decides to investigate. The thorns pull back to clear a path for him, and she wakes up, the hundred years having passed, just as he comes upon her. He does literally nothing. He just happens to be present at the exact moment the hundred years are up.

They get married and have two kids, but she just…stays there? He keeps coming and going from his own kingdom to visit her. Which seems convoluted and unnecessary. Eventually his father dies, he becomes king, and he brings his wife and kids home. He then goes to war, leaving them in the care of his mother, who happens to be an ogre. She wants to kill and eat them, the cook switches them out and hides them. Eventually the king comes home, the family is reunited, and the evil mother-in-law is cooked in her own pot.

Grimms. A princess is cursed to prick her finger and die. Another fairy changes the curse to a hundred year sleep, no mention of a prince. The girl pricks her finger, the entire palace falls asleep, and an enchanted thorn bush grows around it.

A hundred years later a prince comes looking for the sleeping maiden he’s heard about, and the thorns, which have killed many other adventurers, clear a path for him. He finds the sleeping princess, and kisses her—just a kiss, no funny business here—and she wakes up. Based on the terms of the spell, it seems reasonable to conclude that he happened to kiss her just as the hundred years passed, and not that his kiss woke her. They get married and live happily ever after.

So. It looks like what we have here is a chivalric romance that was adapted to give the male lead more agency, which accidently turned him into the villain, and then the only way the next couple writers could think of to clean up that mess was to remove everyone’s agency entirely and make everything a matter of circumstance.

In conclusion: later versions of Sleeping Beauty feature very passive male and female protagonists. However, I will happily take these over the version where a young woman is raped, groomed by, and married to an awful, awful man. Also, Venus sucks.

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Beauty and the Beast: Reasons for Curses, Changing Trends: Part II

 Where we left off last week, the earliest example of our current version of the curse was Robin McKinley’s Beauty, and for a long time, I couldn’t find anything else.

Did Robin McKinley singlehandedly change the story? Or, I guess, change it with the aid of Disney, taking the idea and running with it?

The late 1970s seems like much too late for a something that’s such a fundamental part of our understanding of the story now. And Robin McKinley’s mention of the Beast being rightfully punished is so casual—it doesn’t feel like she’s introducing an exciting new variation to a classic story. It doesn’t have enough importance to the overall story to make sense as a new element.

I found one other variant with a good fairy/bad prince—the picture book Beauty and the Beast, with text by Marianne Meyer and art by Mercer Meyer. This was originally published in the same year as Beauty—1978. It remains an extremely popular version even today, still in print, still spotted in bookstores. It’s possible that this was at least a significant influence on the current pop culture version of the story.

But Meyer's book came out 2 months before McKinley's—there's no way they influenced each other.  McKinley's would have been completely finished long before she had access to Meyer's. Which means there must have been another, earlier source than influenced them both, unless they both came up with the same change independently, which seems unlikely. The odds of two independent writers making the same change to the same well-known story in the same year, with no outside influences are pretty low.

It took me several more weeks to find any promising potential sources. And when I did, it was on Wikipedia. But don’t worry, I only started there. The primary sources have been located, and the accuracy of the Wikipedia article has been confirmed.

Henri Pourrat published over 1000 French fairy tales in the 1940s and 1950s, which were translated into English in the 1950s. Which means his works could easily have been available to and influential for a young McKinley and a young Meyer, twenty years before they wrote their books.

Pourrat’s version is called Belle-Rose, or The Lovely Rose, depending on the translation. It doesn’t deviate enough from the standard Beauty and the Beast to warrant its own post, so I’m just gonna highlight some key differences. The mother is alive. The beast is described as having a muzzle like a mastiff, paws like a lizard, and a body and tail like a salamander, with skin as wrinkled as a turkey’s neck and as slimy as a frog’s. So, like, this dude is gross. Spell is broken when the daughter of a poor man touches him without being asked and without shuddering.

And the important part: the casting of the spell. As the Beast puts it, “All I could think of was revelry and battles; nothing did I know of pity and charity. Beggars disgusted me, with their rags and their sores. One day, when I mocked at a poor man who asked for bread at the door, I beheld myself changed into a Beast.” (translated by Mary Mian).

So. Here we have not just a very clear bad prince, but one whose curse will look very familiar to anyone who’s seen the Disney movie. Even if this didn’t influence McKinley and Meyer, I very much suspect it influenced Disney.

After I found this story, I was ready to give up. Nothing else had panned out. But there was one version of Beauty and the Beast I wasn't able to access.

Shirley Temple had a fairy tale TV show - Shirley Temple's Storybook - which ran from 1958-1961. The first episode featured a version of Beauty and the Beast starring Charlton Heston. This may or may not have once been released on VHS, but if so I can’t find it. It was never released on DVD. It doesn’t seem to be available online. I can’t find a script or detailed summary.

A book associated with the first season of the series came out in 1958. For a while it looked like I wasn't going to be able to access that, either. It was difficult to find a library willing to send it to me. I was ready to give up on the whole thing and just assume Shirley Temple's version wasn't noteworthy. But I just got the book today. And this is what it says about the spell:

"A magician cast a spell over me and condemned me to remain in that form...Because I was proud and thoughtless, vain and selfish, he made me look as I really was."

If the book features a good fairy and bad Beast, the TV show it's based on almost certainly does as well.

Things get a little weird when we try to work out who actually made the change; Shirley Temple wasn't writing her own scripts. The book attributes the story to Andrew Lang, but this is not Andrew Lang's version. I read Lang's version from multiple sources just to make sure there wasn't a fluke; Andrew Lang absolutely did not write the Shirley Temple version.

The IMBD page for the TV episode lists the writers as Lang, Beaumont, and Joseph Schrank. This element of the story certainly didn't come from Lang or Beaumont, so it looks like we can probably trace this whole thing back to Joseph Schrank.

Shirley Temple's Storybook is a much more likely source of the shift than Belle Rose, although I do still suspect it influenced Disney somewhat. I'm so glad I kept investigating the Shirley Temple thing. This was a very popular show at the time, and the book is a picture book published by Random House, with Shirley Temple's name on the cover, which means it was likely much more popular and more widely available than the Pourrat translation. This version was likely watched and read by children, was likely the first exposure to the story for many, which means it would easily be accepted and remembered as How The Story Was Supposed To Be. Robin McKinley would have been six when this came out. Mayer would have been 13.

So. If you've ever wondered, like me, why everyone keeps vilifying our completely innocent Beast, you can blame Shirley Temple. 

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Beauty and the Beast: Reasons for Curses, Changing Trends: Part I

 So—I’m sure this will come as a shock to all of you—I’ve been thinking about Beauty and the Beast.

Specifically, about the nature of the curse.

In the original novel, he’s being punished for not responding favorably to unwanted sexual advances. In modern pop culture, he’s being punished for just sort of generally being a jerk. So over the course of 280-ish years, we’ve flipflopped from good prince/bad fairy to bad prince/good fairy.

When, exactly, did this change take place?

Let’s break it down.

I started with two obvious ends of the timeline.

Villeneuve’s 1740 La Belle et la Bete: good prince/bad fairy

Disney’s 1991 Beauty and the Beast: bad prince/good fairy

But it certainly didn’t start with Disney.

The first bad prince/good fairy version I could recall off the top of my head was Robin McKinley’s 1978 Beauty. Robin McKinley is awesome, and you should all read Beauty, but I doubt she single-handedly brought about this change.

I thought, briefly, maybe this has been here since nearly the beginning. Maybe when Beaumont altered and abridged the original novel in 1756, specifically to act as a moral tale for young girls, she thought “if you are naughty you become ugly” would be a good lesson.

Nope. She doesn’t go into details, but specifies the Beast was cursed by a wicked fairy.

So. Let’s look at some other Beauty and the Beast milestones.

In Andrew Lang’s 1889 Beauty and the Beast, in The Blue Fairy Book, we’re told by the Beast’s mother that Beauty has released him from a terrible enchantment, but no further details are provided. So that’s a wash. I was looking at Lang as a likely candidate for the shift, since the color fairy books were quite popular, and we already know he's not a super reliable source of information on fairy tales. He is the guy who claimed Prince Lindworm was Swedish, a claim which has absolutely no supporting evidence or basis in reality.

Moving on.

In Cocteau’s 1946 live action movie La Belle et la Bete, the Beast is cursed because his parents didn’t believe in spirits. Which I think we can count as good prince/bad fairy.

Does that mean that the shift happened sometime after 1946? The 1946 movie and the 1991 movie are the probably the biggest pop culture moments for Beauty and the Beast in the 19th century, and they use two different versions.

I need to go to the library. We’ll pick this back up after some research. In the meantime, please let me know if you remember any pre-1978 versions with a bad prince and good fairy!

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Hans My Hedgehog

 This is another story I could have sworn I already wrote about, but again, no evidence.

A man and a woman have no children. Their friends make fun of them for this, which means they have crappy friends, and one day the man announces his determination to have a child, even if it was a hedgehog.

It is unclear why he would suggest such a thing, or what made it actually happen, but shortly after, his wife gives birth to a baby whose top half was hedgehog, and whose bottom half was human.

They name him Hans, because all male characters in Grimm brothers stories are always named Hans.

When Hans is eight, he requests some bagpipes, which his father buys for him. He then requests that his rooster be shod, so that he can ride away on it and never come back.

Hans’ parents do not enjoy having a strange hedgehog son, and are glad to be rid of him, even though he is a small child and should not be alone in the world. And when I say he is a small child, I mean both that he is only eight years old, and that he is able to ride a chicken like a horse. He may have half a human body, but apparently it is not human sized. He should make friends with Thumbelina.

Also. Not clear on why the rooster needs to be shod. I don’t really see the benefit of horseshoes for that type of foot.

Anyway. Hans, his bagpipes, and his rooster set off into the woods, along with some pigs and donkeys. Over the years, these pigs and donkeys grow into a large herd, and Hans sits in a tree with his rooster, watching over them and playing his bagpipes.

A king becomes lost in the forest, and asks Hans for help getting home. Hans agrees on the condition that he be given the first thing that greets the king when he gets there. The king agrees, even offering to put it in writing—his reasoning for this is that surely the hedgehog man can’t read, which is a strange assumption to make when you already know the hedgehog man can talk and play the bagpipes.

However, it turns out he was correct about the reading, because the king just writes whatever he feels like, and Hans doesn’t catch it.

I’m sure it will come as a surprise to no one that the king is immediately greeted by his daughter.

However. A second king gets lost in the forest, and makes the same deal with Hans, and also is greeted by his daughter. Unfortunately for him, he didn’t think to draw up a fake contract. He actually does sign away his daughter.

Hans has been too busy with his pigs and donkeys to collect his princesses so far. But now he goes back to his father, has all the pigs slaughtered, takes his earnings from the butcher, has his rooster re-shod, and is off again. He promises his father he’ll never come back—a promise he's already broken once by coming back this time, but whatever. I support breaking promises to people who abandon their eight ear olds.

He goes to claim his first princess. When the king’s men see him coming they open fire, per the king’s instructions, but Hans on his rooster flies over them to collect the princess. Apparently it doesn’t matter that the contract was fake, because the king lets Hans take her.

However, Hans is mad that the king tried to cheat him, and that the princess doesn’t want him. He sticks her all over with his quills in retaliation, and sends her back home.

At the second kingdom, Hans is welcomed in, and although she’s a little freaked out by his appearance, the princess is determined to keep her father’s promise, and marries him.

On his wedding night, Hans removes his hedgehog skin, revealing himself to be an ordinary young man beneath it—and presumably a young man of ordinary size. This raises some logistical questions which will sadly never be addressed.

He has the skin thrown into a fire. This does result in his body, despite being no longer attached to the skin, being burned badly, but the burns are treated, and he is forever after an ordinary young man.

Also, he reunites with his dad again and invites him to live in the palace. No mention of mom. Hans and his princess live happily ever after.

I have. So many questions.

Why was he born half hedgehog? Could he have taken off this skin at any time? Had he ever taken it off before? How did he know it was removable? How did he know burning it would free him? How was an entire man’s body contained in the skin of a creature small enough to ride a rooster like a horse? How did a rooster survive for so many years? Why did the rooster need to be shod? Why were Hans’ parents so awful? Why did he wait so long to do this? Was he just, like, fine with being a hedgehog man until he met a girl he didn’t want to stab with his quills?

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Bearskin

 This is a weird one. It’s kind of Beauty and the Beast vibes, but technically the dude isn't under a spell? Also there’s a deal with the devil.

We start with a young soldier, who has nothing to do and nowhere to go when the war is over. He asks his brothers for help, but they refuse, so he sets off into the woods with nothing but his gun and the clothes on his back.

There he meets a strange man with a green jacket and horse hooves for feet.

This man offers him as much money and property as he can possibly desire, as long as he proves himself brave—which he immediately does by shooting a bear that runs out to attack him—and promises not to wash himself, comb his hair, cut his nails, or say the Lord’s prayer for the next seven years. He must also wear a jacket and cloak the man gives him for this time.

Our soldier is a sensible young man, who realizes he’s speaking with the devil, and so he agrees to these conditions as long as they won’t cost him his salvation. The devil says that if the soldier dies during the seven years, he’ll take his soul, but if he lives, his soul remains his own, and he will be rich and free for the rest of his life.

He agrees.

The devil gives the soldier his green jacket, which contains bottomless pockets of money. Then he skins the bear, and gives the soldier the bearskin as a cloak. He says the soldier should sleep on the bearskin, and not use any other bed.

From this point on, we’ll be calling our soldier Bearskin, because that’s what the story calls him.

The first year or so goes pretty well, but as time passes, he gets to be seriously gross. With his long, long fingernails (you’d think they’d break, eventually), his nasty, matted hair and beard, and his unwashed skin, he looks like a monster. But he’s filthy rich, so there’s that.

In his fourth year as Bearskin, he meets a crying man at an inn, who explains, when asked, that he is extremely broke, likely bound for prison since he can’t pay for his room at the inn, and has three daughters to care for.

Bearskin is a cool dude, so he gives the man a whole bunch of money. The man is overjoyed, and invites Bearskin home to meet his daughters, and marry one of them.

The older two daughters are disgusted by him, but the youngest agrees to marry him, reasoning that he must be a good man to have helped them, even if he looks gross.

Bearskin takes a ring off his finger, breaks it in half, writes his name inside one half, and writes her name in the other. And I have many questions about the logistics, here. What is this ring made of?

He gives his bride-to-be the half with his name, and keeps the other. He explains that he must wander for three more years, and if he doesn’t come back in that time she is free, but if he does come back they’ll be married.

The older sisters are really mean about it, but the youngest keeps her promise and waits for her nasty future husband.

Bearskin, in the meantime, travels the world and uses his bottomless pockets to help people in need. When the seven years are up, he returns to the place where he met the devil.

The devil isn't happy to find him still alive, which, like, dude. Take some initiative. There’s no evidence you’ve tried to kill him. We’ve got a young, healthy man who’s proven himself to be a brave and dangerous soldier; did you really think he was just going to keel over all on his own, and the soul would be yours?

Maybe he thought the bad hygiene would get him. It’s gotta put you more at risk for disease.

He removes the bearskin, bathes, shaves, brushes his hair, and cuts his nails. He returns to his fiancée’s home, where no one recognizes him.

He reveals himself. He kisses the youngest daughter. Her sisters are so upset by this turn of events that one drowns herself and the other hangs herself, which seem like major overreactions. The devil takes their souls, and therefore feels he came out pretty well in this deal, after all.

Bearskin and the youngest daughter live happily ever after.

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The Mother of the Beast

 I just want to take a moment today to go over yet another horrifying, heartbreaking element of the Beast’s suffering in the original Beauty and the Beast. I recently read the translation in the Gutenberg book I’ve linked here, to confirm it was legit before sharing, and I noticed a detail that I’d missed on my previous readings.

The Beast’s mother—his bio mother, not his creepy foster mom who wanted to marry him—was present when he was cursed. The fairy was attempting to ask her for her son’s hand in marriage, and she and her son both said no.

A quote from the fairy, to the queen: “I warn you that if you acknowledge to anyone that this monster is your son, he shall never recover his natural shape.”

Can you even imagine? You trusted this woman to take care of your son while you were at war. You love your child so much, and you’ve been separated from him for years, doing your duty as queen, protecting your subjects. You miss him. You miss him so much. And this is the woman you trusted to raise him.

She makes this outrageous suggestion, and you realize that you should never have trusted her, that she’s been grooming your son for who knows how long, and the only good thing about this situation is that at least she’s not very good at grooming, because your son clearly doesn’t like the idea any more than you do.

So you say no, because what else could you possibly say, and then she turns your baby into a monster, and then she forces you to sever ties with him if there’s to be any hope of the spell ever breaking.

I often go years at a time between rereading things like this, and this detail had completely slipped my memory, and I have spent all this time thinking, “What is wrong with this poor Beast’s mother? We know she’s alive, because she shows up at the end; why wasn’t she here earlier? Why wasn’t she here the whole time?”

Well, it turns out there’s nothing wrong with her, and she wasn’t here because the fairy was very thorough with the curse.

All this time with an evil fairy, separated from his mother, and the Beast gets her back so briefly before the fairy separates them again, and he’s all alone, all alone for so long.

And the way the fairy phrases things, it sounds like her primary concern isn't depriving the Beast of companionship from the mother figure who hasn’t just propositioned and then cursed him, so much as she’s worried the spell will break too easily if people know there’s a spell, which of course they would if the queen was like, “Hey, everyone, this is my kid, he’s a monster now.”

But the fact that the fairy is just thinking about the logistics of the spell, and not about the Beast’s emotional state—it’s almost worse, somehow? Like, deliberately causing more emotional distress to a person, when your whole goal in life right now is to cause him emotional distress, that’s one thing. But you have raised this guy from childhood, and you don’t even think about how hard this is going to be? Like, hurting someone on purpose is terrible—and she is very much also doing that—but so is spending several years with someone and not even thinking about how this is going to hurt. If she’d thought about the separation from his mom hurting him, she would totally also have done it for that reason. But she didn’t think about it.

So now our guy has been propositioned by the woman who raised him. He’s been very briefly reunited with his mother. (And also very briefly fought in a war, that’s a thing that happened, too.) He’s been turned into a monster, he’s been trapped inside his own mind by the curse clause “I command thee to appear as stupid as thou art horrible.” And now he's been separated from his mom.

I was thinking, well, if we get to the point, several years down the line, where it’s becoming clear that the spell isn't going to break, maybe we could just accept the consequences of breaking the fairy’s rules. Like, the Beast could go home, and the queen could tell everyone what happened. And then the spell wouldn’t break, but he can be home, and everyone will know who he really is, and can treat him accordingly.

But then there’s the ‘stupid as thou art horrible’ clause. If the queen acknowledges him and renders the curse unbreakable, he will forever be trapped inside his own head, unable to properly express himself because he has to appear significantly less intelligent than he is. This isn't just physical. Which means we can’t afford to give up on the remote possibility of the spell someday breaking.

Also, as far as I can tell he’s the only kid, the queen’s only heir. Even if the people will accept being ruled by a monster, he won’t be able to utilize his skillset to rule effectively until the spell, with that stupid clause, is broken. So even if they didn’t have to be separated for the Beast’s sake, they would have to be separated for the kingdom’s sake.

This just makes me so sad. She didn’t want to abandon her son. Abandoning him was the only thing she could do, if she wanted him to have any chance of breaking his spell. If she’d kept him close, if she let people figure it out, he’d never be free. So she set him up in the property that reminded her of her deceased husband, the estate she wanted to retire to when she was finally done with her war, and she left him. Because she had to.

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The Grateful Beasts

 This is a Hungarian fairy tale, coming to us today through Andrew Lang’s Yellow Fairy Book.

Once a poor family sent their three sons out to seek their fortunes. Each boy was given a loaf of bread on departure.

As I’m sure will surprise no one, given how fairy tales in general work, the youngest son was much kinder and more handsome than the others, and his brothers hated him for it. His name was Ferko.

The three brothers travelled together for a while, until Ferko fell asleep. At which time the others came up with an absolutely insane plan to torture him.

Step one: eat his loaf of bread.

Step two: convince him that he ate his own loaf of bread in his sleep.

Step three: wait for him to get really, really hungry.

Step four: offer to share their bread, but only if he allows them to break his legs and put out his eyes.

Step five: profit???

After several days of hunger Ferko, for a few small bites of bread, gives up both eyes and both legs.

Dude, what?

Apparently, according to Wikipedia, this is a thing that just happens sometimes, in this story type, but I’ve read a lot of stories and this is the first time I’ve encountered it.

I just—I just—

Ferko. Honey. No. I know you’re hungry, but you gotta think long-term here.

You’ve got two loaves of bread between the three of you, and nothing else to your names. Your brothers clearly take delight in inflicted upon you grievous injuries. Obviously this bread is not going to last for any significant period of time, and then what’s going to happen? Are you expecting your evil brothers to cart you around after maiming you? Clearly they will leave you to die.

The correct course of action in this situation would be to immediately separate from your brothers and find another food source.

But no, Ferko decides to let them torture him for a couple bites of probably-stale bread. And then, shockingly, they abandon him.

Lying on the forest floor, blind, legs both broken, Ferko conveniently overhears some birds talking about a nearby magic lake that can heal any injury or illness. So he drags himself there, and his legs and eyes are restored.

He fills a bottle with magic water, and makes his way through the forest, healing a variety of injured animals as he goes.

Eventually he makes his way to a palace, where his brothers now work. They’re terrified he’ll tell the king how evil they are, so they convince the king Ferko is an evil magician who wants to kidnap the princess. It is not at all clear how they convince the king of this. However, he decides the best way to resolve the situation is to set three impossible tasks; if Ferko fails the tasks, he’ll be put to death, and if he succeeds he’ll be exiled.

Dude. This is not at all an appropriate solution to this problem. If he’s not a magician, he won’t be able to complete the tasks. If he’s not a magician, the accusation against him isn't true. So he’s going to be put to death for being innocent? And if he proves by completing the tasks that he is indeed a powerful magician, and therefore a potential threat, you’re just going to…let him go. Right. great plan, buddy. What could go wrong?

With the assistance of his magically-healed animal friends, Ferko succeeds in the first two tasks. The princess watches and falls madly in love. The king and Ferko’s brothers watch and get angrier and angrier.

The final task is to gather up all the wolves in the kingdom, because the king and the brothers are idiots. We’ve pissed off a powerful sorcerer? Clearly the next step in eliminating him is to encourage him to summon an army of dangerous animals.

All the wolves are gathered. All the wolves are set on the king and the brothers. The king begs Ferko to stop them. He offers Ferko half his kingdom. He offers Ferko his whole kingdom. He offers Ferko his daughter’s hand in marriage.

The wolves eat the king and the brothers. Ferko marries the princess, becomes the new king, and lives happily ever after.

Between the insanity of letting yourself be horribly injured for a slice of bread, and the insanity of planning to kill someone only if he proves himself not to be a threat to you—

This story is just full of stupid, stupid people. I love it!

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Rapunzel Saves Herself

 Okay, I'm sorry, I'm still not over this. I can’t even remember which one of those “brave girl” books did this. And whichever one it was, I'm sure it’s a great book. However. The back cover. All I remember is the back cover. The back cover is talking about all these strong, brave, action-heroines, who are so much better than losers like Rapunzel, who just sat in her tower waiting to be rescued.

It did say the same kinds of things about some other well-known fairy tale heroines, but it's Rapunzel that's really bothering me. (The topic of Cinderella as survivor of abuse has been thoroughly discussed by other authors. Snow White doesn't do much, but Snow White is a small child. Sleeping Beauty doesn't do much, but, like—there's a lot to say about Sleeping Beauty, okay? Maybe we'll come back to that.)

But Rapunzel. Rapunzel rocks, guys. She is not at any point waiting around to be rescued.

This girl has been locked in a tower by her mother figure for a long time. At least since she was twelve, but depending on the version, possibly as long as her entire life. Since being put in the tower, she hasn't interacted with anyone but her witch mother. If she was living on the ground as a small child, it's likely that even then she had very limited exposure to any other people.

My point is, for Rapunzel, living in a tower is normal. She is not waiting around to be rescued; there is never any indication that she feels she needs rescuing. This is her home. Who knows what Mother Gothel—the only other person in her life—has told her about this. Maybe she thinks all young women live in towers. Maybe she thinks the ground is toxic, and Gothel can only safely walk it because of her magic powers.

We don't know how large this tower is. We don't know how much time Mother Gothel spends in the tower with her each day. We don't know what items Rapunzel has in the tower to entertain herself. Maybe she's bored and lonely, but maybe she's not. Or maybe she is, but doesn't recognize her general dissatisfaction with life as boredom or loneliness, because she's never known anything else, and boredom and loneliness are just a normal part of her life.

Could she benefit from a rescue? Yes. Is she aware of that? Not as far as we know.

The prince comes. The prince—I need this to be very, very clear—the prince does not, at any point, make any attempt to rescue Rapunzel. No rescue occurs. No one ever rescues Rapunzel.

The prince finds an isolated and naive young woman locked in a tower. And he takes advantage.

He doesn't offer to help her. He does get her pregnant.

This is, as far as we know, the first man Rapunzel has ever met. She clearly doesn't know what pregnancy is, so I think we can safely conclude that Mother Gothel was not providing comprehensive sex education. I'm not going to go into this aspect of the story too deeply; I have previously done an entire post about this in my Sexual Abuse in the Folk Tradition series. But the prince was not a savior. The prince was a selfish man taking advantage of a woman without the knowledge, resources, or experience to go against him. If she wasn't in the tower, she wouldn't be a convenient and consequence-free source of sex, so the prince is not motivated to get her out.

Rapunzel gets pregnant. Rapunzel doesn't know what this means beyond the fact that her size is changing. She asks her mother for larger clothes. Her mother deduces that she's pregnant, chops off her hair, and kicks her out of the tower.

She then tricks the prince into coming back, and throws him out the window into a bunch of brambles, which blind him. I feel he had this coming.

So. Rapunzel has exited the tower. No one has rescued her from the tower. She has been involuntarily expelled.

From there, a pregnant woman, who doesn't even know what pregnancy is, must learn for the first time, completely alone, how to navigate a world much larger and more complicated than her tower. She figures it out. She learns to interact with other people for the first time. She learns how to support herself, and then her two children. Money. Shelter. Food. All things she has to handle alone. She has to learn who she can and can't trust. What plants are and aren't safe to eat. Any local laws. Would a girl raised alone in a tower have any concept of something like theft? Or would she just pick up whatever she wanted, and get in trouble for it?

Rapunzel saves herself, not from the tower but from the aftermath. Mother Gothel abandons her to whatever fate might await her on the ground—starvation, being eaten by an animal, being taken and abused by another man like the prince or worse. And she survives, and she succeeds. By the end of the story she has a little house and two happy, healthy children.

Rapunzel saves the prince. And presumably lives happily ever after with him, which, frankly, I'm not a fan of. But the only time anything resembling a rescue occurs in this entire story is when she finds him, lost and alone and blind, and restores his eyesight with her magic tears, giving him the ability to find his way home again. (Which he does, taking her and the kids along.) No one saves Rapunzel. Rapunzel saves herself, and her children, and then saves her creepy ex, too. Rapunzel is absolutely the hero of this story, and she deserves better than to be remembered as a passive princess who sat around waiting for rescue.